Costs and benefits of environmental change: tourism industry's responses in Arctic Finland

Climate Change and Tourism in the Arctic Circle

We estimate grid level tourist numbers to Arctic Circle countries under a number of climate change scenarios. At present, the highest tourism volumes are found in Canada and most of the Scandinavian countries. In general, it appears that tourists are attracted to regions with better infrastructure and nicer cities. Under each climate change scenario, Russia sees a significant increase in touris...

Clinical Governance: Costs and Benefits

pragmatic transfer in compliment responses and chastisements by iranian learners of english

فرهنگ های گوناگون دریافت ها و تعبیر های مختلفی از تناسب و ادب دارند. بنابراین، ارتباط میان فرهنگی خطرات ذاتی خطای ارتباطی را نشان می دهد. این پژوهش به منظور تعیین وقوع انتقال منظورشناختی زبان در زبان بینابینی زبان آموزان ایرانی، اختلاف منظورشناختی زبان را بین فارسی و انگلیسی در کنش های کلامی پاسخ تحسین و انتقاد بررسی می کند.داده ها از میان 33 آمریکایی انگلیسی زبان، 85 زبان آموز ایرانی در سطوح م...

Adjustment Costs from Environmental Change

The paper is concerned with the case whereby the distribution of a firm’s productivity shocks changes without the knowledge of the firm. Over time the firm learns about the nature and extent of the change in the distribution of the shock and adjusts, incurring adjustment costs in the process. The long run loss in profits (±) due to the shift in the distribution we term the equilibrium response....

Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits.

Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to the sustainability and productive capacity of agriculture. During the last 40 years, nearly one-third of the world's arable land has been lost by erosion and continues to be lost at a rate of more than 10 million hectares per year. With the addition of a quarter of a million people each day, the world population's food demand is increasing at a ti...